The article provides an in-depth examination of caste and socio-economic inequality in Bihar, drawing insights from the State's 2023 caste Census
The lack of reliable data has impeded equitable policy-making and affirmative action.
Current administrative categories (SC, ST, OBC) oversimplify caste complexities, failing to address intra-community disparities.
A caste-based Census aids in identifying marginalized groups, revising reservation caps, and ensuring resources reach those genuinely in need.
Key Findings from the Bihar Census 2023
Nearly two-thirds of Bihar’s population comprises BCs and MBCs.
The Yadavs, with 14.3%, are the largest group, followed by the Dusaadhs and Chamars.
High caste diversity is reflected in a fractionalisation index of 0.96.
Socio-Economic Disparities:
GCs and ORCs lead in earnings, while Dalit communities like Musahars and Bhuiyas face the worst conditions, with over 40% earning below ₹6,000/month.
Dalits show alarmingly low higher education attainment (<3.5%), while Kayasthas excel with an average of 10.7 years of schooling.
A strong income-education correlation underscores the benefits of higher education for dominant castes.
GCs dominate lucrative sectors, while SCs and MBCs remain confined to manual labour.
Reservation benefits are concentrated among dominant OBCs (e.g., Kurmis, Yadavs).
Forward castes and affluent groups lead in asset ownership and student migration, while marginalized groups face housing and migration challenges.
Methodology and Analytical Tools
Factor Analysis and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) highlighted disparities across 78 major caste groups.
Variables included income, education, housing, employment, and migration.
Findings show Kayasthas as the wealthiest, while Musahars, Bhuiyas, and Tiyars are the most deprived.
Implications and Policy Recommendations
Detailed caste data is critical for informed policy-making.
Tailored interventions are required to address the nuanced socio-economic realities of marginalized groups.
Equitable resource allocation and reservation reforms should prioritize intra-community disparities to foster inclusive development.
Broader Context
The Bihar Census aligns with similar efforts in Karnataka and other States, highlighting a growing demand for national-level caste-based data.
Historical and political dimensions, from colonial classifications to Mandal Commission reforms, underscore the evolving significance of caste in governance and development.
By shedding light on deep-seated inequalities, the Bihar caste Census serves as a model for addressing socio-economic disparities and achieving equitable reforms nationwide.
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