On January 6, 2025, a rat-hole mine in Dima Hasao district, Assam was flooded, trapping nine miners.
Only four bodies have been retrieved so far, with rescue operations ongoing.
Despite being banned, rat-hole mining persists in Assam and Meghalaya, driven by high earnings and demand for coal.
Impact on Miners:
Workers face hazardous conditions, such as toxic gases, floods, and tunnel collapses, with minimal safety measures.
Miners earn ₹1,500–₹2,000 per day, attracting marginalized and landless individuals from Assam, Nepal, and Meghalaya.
Legal and Governance Issues:
Rat-hole mining has been banned since 2014 by the National Green Tribunal (NGT), but enforcement remains weak.
Illegal mining continues due to the involvement of politicians, bureaucrats, and landowners, as highlighted by activists and reports.
The Assam government has ordered a judicial inquiry and plans to enforce a blanket ban, including sealing 220 identified pits.
Environmental and Social Challenges:
Illegal mining disrupts ecosystems and endangers lives.
Local governance structures, especially under the Sixth Schedule, complicate enforcement, with District Councils often licensing such operations.
Political Fallout:
Allegations of involvement in illegal mining have surfaced against local leaders and corporations, leading to a blame game.
The Assam Mineral Development Corporation Limited (AMDCL) is under scrutiny for alleged irregularities in coal trade.
Future Implications:
Sustainable alternatives and effective enforcement mechanisms are needed to curb illegal mining.
Empowerment of local institutions while ensuring transparency is essential for sustainable mining practices.
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