Gender Performativity
Introduced by Judith Butler, it suggests that gender is not an innate identity but is constructed through repeated actions and behaviors
Challenges fixed notions of gender, viewing it as socially produced and not a stable identity.
Challenge to Gender Binary
Butler critiques the traditional binary view of gender (masculine vs. feminine) and highlights the existence of more fluid identities.
Gender roles can be subverted through acts of resistance, allowing for a broader understanding of gender.
Performance vs. Performativity
Performance: Refers to the conscious act of embodying societal gender roles (like acting in a play).
Performativity: An unconscious process where societal norms shape gender expression through repeated behaviors, making gender seem natural
Two Theories of Gender
Gender Essentialism: Argues that gender is biologically determined, with specific traits and roles linked to one's sex.
Social Constructivism: Asserts that gender is constructed through social discourse, norms, and expectations, rather than being inherently linked to biology.
Impact on Feminism and Queer Theory
Third-Wave Feminism: Butler's work is a milestone in this movement, promoting inclusivity and fluidity in gender identities.
Queer Theory: Challenges heteronormative frameworks and advocates for diverse expressions of gender and sexuality, recognizing the influence of societal norms on individual identity.
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