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Temple architecture UPSC NOTE

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  Kapalishwarar Temple, Mylapore Located in Chennai , it is one of the Padal Petra Sthalams , celebrated by the 63 Nayanmars , important Sai...

 Kapalishwarar Temple, Mylapore

  • Located in Chennai, it is one of the Padal Petra Sthalams, celebrated by the 63 Nayanmars, important Saivite devotees.

  • Thirugnanasambandar, a revered Saivite saint, revived a girl named Poompavai here in the 7th century CE through his devotional hymn, the Poompavai Pathikam.

  • Originally located near the sea, the temple was moved to its present site about 400 years ago.

  • The Punnai tree, known for its medicinal properties, is the temple's sacred tree.

  • The temple’s name, Mylapore, comes from the Tamil word “Mayil” (peacock) because Parvati is believed to have worshipped Shiva as a peacock here.

  • Parvati is worshipped as Karpakambal in this temple.

  • Arunagirinathar, a 15th-century poet and devotee of Muruga, praised the temple in his hymns.

  • The Brahmotsavam, held annually in Panguni (March-April), is one of Chennai’s most prominent temple festivals.

Parthasarathi Swami Temple, Thiruvallikeni

  • One of the 108 Divya Desams, sacred to Vishnu, and the only one within Chennai’s city limits.

  • Three Azhwars—Pey Azhvar, Thirumazhisai Azhvar, and Thirumangai Azhvar—praised the deities here.

  • Deities:

  • Main Image: Venkatakrishnan.

  • Other Figures: Rukmini (Krishna’s wife), Balarama (Krishna’s brother), Pradyumna (Krishna’s son), Aniruddha (Krishna’s grandson), and Satyaki (Krishna’s relative), together known as Pancha Vira.

  • Twin-Temple: Features two main deities:

    • Venkatakrishnan facing east.

    • Yoga Narasimha facing west.

  • Goddess Lakshmi, called Vedavalli Thayar, is the consort of Ranganatha.

  • The oldest inscriptions date back to the reign of Dantivarman, a Pallava king from the 8th-9th centuries CE.

Marundishwarar (Oushadishwarar) Temple,  Thiruvanmiyur

  • One of the Padal Petra Sthalams.

  • Nayanmars Appar and Thiruganasambandar visited in the 7th century CE and composed hymns here.

  • Arunagirinathar also composed Tamil verses on Subramanya.

Sage Valmiki

  • Traditionally associated with this temple.

  • Has a rare sanctum dedicated to him outside the main gopuram.

Temple Architecture

  • Goddess Tripurasundari Sanctum: Likely built during Rajendra Chola I’s reign in the 11th century, based on inscriptions.

  • Outer Mandapa built during the Vijayanagara era, featuring rare sculptures.

  • Sacred Tree: The Vanni tree.


Temple Tanks

  • Papanasini: Large tank outside the temple.

  • Janmanasini: Smaller tank inside the temple.

  • Brahmotsavam: Celebrated in Panguni, coinciding with the annual festival of Kapalishwara Temple.

Adipurishwarar Temple, Thiruvottiyur

  • Alternate Names

  • Thyagaraja Swami Temple: Named after the processional deity Thyagaraja.

  • Vadivudai Amman Temple: Named after goddess Parvati, enshrined here.


  • Temple dates back to the Pallava period.

  • Main deity, Adipurishwarar, is a Shiva Linga made of earth, not stone.


  • Padal Petra Sthalam

  • Praised by Nayanmars such as Aiyadigal Kadavarkon, Appar, Thirugnanasambandar, and Sundaramurti Nayanar.


  • Notable Devotees

  • Adi Shankarar, Arunagirinathar, Pattinathar, and Ramalinga Swami.

  • Tyagaraja, the famous music composer, visited and composed the Thiruvotriyur Pancharatnam

  • Historical Inscriptions

  • Includes inscriptions from the Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara, and other eras.

  • Main sanctum has an important 11th-century Sanskrit inscription of Rajendra Chola I.


  • Sacred Trees: Mahizham and Atti.

  • Temple Tanks: Brahma Tirtham and Nandi Tirtham


Kalikambal Temple, Parry’s Corner

  • Located in Parry’s Corner (George Town), Chennai.

  • Originally near the sea shore; moved to current location in the 17th century.

  • Deities:

    • Goddess: Kalikambal (originally named Chennamma).

    • Shiva: Kamadeswarar.

  • Historical Visit:

  • Maratha ruler Shivaji visited and worshipped here on October 3, 1667.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Temple architecture UPSC NOTE
Temple architecture UPSC NOTE
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