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Ramsar sites UPSC NOTE

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  Why in news The Environment Ministry said three more wetlands in India had been designated Ramsar sites.  This brings the total number of...

 Why in news

  • The Environment Ministry said three more wetlands in India had been designated Ramsar sites. 

  • This brings the total number of such sites in India to 85

Ramsar Convention

  • It is an intergovernmental treaty, adopted on 2nd February 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

    • World Wetlands Day (WWD): 2nd February 

  • In India, it came into force on 1st February 1982, under which wetlands of international importance are declared as Ramsar sites.

  • Also known as the ‘Convention on Wetlands’ 

  • Sundarbans in West Bengal is the largest Ramsar site in India

  • Chilika Lake (Orissa) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) were recognized as the first Ramsar Sites of India in 1981

  • Currently, Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites (18), followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).

  • Montreux Record under the Ramsar Convention is a register of wetlands where ecological changes have occurred or are expected due to human activities.

  • It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

  • Currently, two wetlands of India are in Montreux record: Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur).

  • Chilika Lake (Orissa) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) were recognized as the first Ramsar Sites of India in 1981

  • Currently, Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites (18), followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).

  • India’s Ramsar wetlands make up around 10% of the total wetland area in the country across 18 States. 

  • No other South Asian country has as many sites though this has much to do with India’s geographical breadth and tropical diversity.

  • The United Kingdom (175) and Mexico (142) have the most Ramsar sites, whereas Bolivia spans the largest area, with 1,48,000 sq. km under the convention’s protection.

  • Being designated a Ramsar site does not necessarily invite extra international funds

  • But the Centre and States must ensure these tracts of land are conserved and saved from man-made encroachment

  • Montreux Record under the Ramsar Convention is a register of wetlands where ecological changes have occurred or are expected due to human activities.

  • It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

  • Currently, two wetlands of India are in Montreux record: Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur).

Significance

  • Assist in Fighting Against Climate Change

  • Sequester Carbon

  • Significance of Peatlands: The term ‘peatland’ refers to the peat soil and the wetland habitats growing on the surface.

    • They account for just 3% of the world’s land surface but store twice as much carbon as forests,

  • Paradise for Migratory Birds

  • Cultural and Tourism Importance

Criteria for site

  • There are nine Criteria: One of the nine criteria must be fulfilled to be the Ramsar Site.

  • Criterion 1: If it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region.

  • Criterion 2: If it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.

  • Criterion 3: If it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region.

  • Criterion 4: If it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions.

  • Criterion 5: If it regularly supports 20,000 or more waterbirds.

  • Criterion 6: If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.

  • Criterion 7: If it supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits 

  • Criterion 8: If it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the wetland or elsewhere, depend.

  • Criterion 9: If it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent non avian animal species

Recently added sites

  • The 3 new sites are

    • Nanjarayan and Kazhuveli bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu 

    • Tawa reservoir in Madhya Pradesh

Ruddy Shelducks

  • The ruddy shelduck, scientifically known as Tadorna ferruginea, is a member of the Anatidae family.

  • In India, it's commonly referred to as the Brahminy duck.

  • It boasts an orange-brown body plumage, a paler head, and black tail and flight feathers.

  • The white wing-coverts contrast with the black flight feathers.

  • The ruddy shelduck primarily dwells in inland water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs, and rivers

  • It's a migratory species, breeding in southeastern Europe and Central Asia and wintering in the Indian subcontinent.

  • There are small resident populations in North Africa.

  • The ruddy shelduck is mainly nocturnal.

  • It feeds on grasses, plant shoots, grains, water plants, and various invertebrates.

  • IUCN Status: Least Concern (LC)

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Ramsar sites UPSC NOTE
Ramsar sites UPSC NOTE
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