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Genome editing UPSC NOTE

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  Why in news Researchers have developed a plant genome editor consisting of a protein derived from Deinococcus radiodurans bacteria — fam...

 Why in news

  • Researchers have developed a plant genome editor consisting of a protein derived from Deinococcus radiodurans bacteria — famous for being able to survive extreme conditions. 

  • The protein is less than half the size of the proteins CRISPR commonly uses to target specific parts of the DNA

Deinococcus radiodurans

  • It is a type of bacteria known for its extraordinary resistance to extreme conditions, including high levels of radiation, desiccation, and various chemicals.

  • Its resilience is due to its highly efficient DNA repair mechanisms that allow it to recover from severe damage.

  • Applications: Its unique properties are studied for potential applications in biotechnology, including bioremediation and radiation protection

CRISPR gene-editing tool

  • CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a powerful tool used to make precise changes to the DNA of organisms

  • It uses guide RNA to direct the Cas9 or Cas12 protein to a specific DNA sequence where it makes cuts or modifications.

  • Widely used in genetic research, medicine, and agriculture to edit genes, improve crops, and potentially treat genetic disorders

  • But they are too bulky for plant cells to accommodate.

  • It usually involves the introduction of a new gene, or suppression of an existing gene, through a process described as genetic engineering.

  • CRISPR technology does not involve the introduction of any new gene from the outside.

  • CRISPR-Cas9 technology is often described as ‘Genetic Scissors’.

  • Its mechanism is often compared to the ‘cut-copy-paste’, or ‘find-replace’ functionalities in common computer programmes

  • A bad stretch in the DNA sequence, which is the cause of disease or disorder, is located, cut, and removed and then replaced with a ‘correct’ sequence.

  • The tools used to achieve this are biochemical i.e., specific protein and RNA molecules.

  • The technology replicates a natural defence mechanism in some bacteria that uses a similar method to protect itself from virus attacks.

Mechanism:

  • The first task is to identify the particular sequence of genes that is the cause of the trouble.

  • Once that is done, an RNA molecule is programmed to locate this sequence on the DNA strand

  • After this Cas9 is used to break the DNA strand at specific points, and remove the bad sequence.

  • A DNA strand, when broken, has a natural tendency to re-attach and heal itself. But if the auto-repair mechanism is allowed to continue, the bad sequence can regrow.

  • So, scientists intervene during the auto-repair process by supplying the correct sequence of genetic codes, which attaches to the broken DNA strand.

  • The entire process is programmable, and has remarkable efficiency, though the chances of error are not entirely ruled out.

Limitations

  • CRISPR-Cas9 system can also recognise and cut parts of the genome other than the intended portion. 

  • Such “off-target” effects are more common when using the SpCas9 enzyme derived from Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. 

  • Scientists have been able to engineer versions of SpCas9 with higher fidelity but only at the cost of editing efficiency

TnpB Based Editing Tool

  • TnpB is a protein derived from Deinococcus radiodurans used for genome editing.

  • Unlike CRISPR, TnpB targets and edits DNA using its own mechanism, which is smaller and potentially more suitable for plant cells.

  • Smaller size compared to CRISPR systems, which makes it more suitable for editing plant genomes where space is limited

ISDra2TnpB

  • ISDra2TnpB is a specific version of the TnpB protein used for genome editing.

  • Derived from Deinococcus radiodurans, it is optimized for use in plant genome editing.

  • ISDra2TnpB is less than half the size of Cas9 and Cas12.

Future of Edited Plants

  • Edited plants using tools like ISDra2TnpB could lead to significant improvements in crop traits, such as increased yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.

  • Potential applications include :

    • creating crops with enhanced nutritional profiles

    • reduced anti-nutrient factors

    • better resilience to environmental challenges

  • Challenges

    • Further development and testing are needed to improve efficiency and effectiveness across different plant species 

    • ensure successful integration of edited traits into commercial crops.

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Genome editing UPSC NOTE
Genome editing UPSC NOTE
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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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