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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) UPSC NOTE

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  Why in news Scientists may soon uncover more insights into the evolutionary significance of ERVs and their contribution to human biology....

 Why in news

  • Scientists may soon uncover more insights into the evolutionary significance of ERVs and their contribution to human biology. 

  • This will lead to breakthroughs in regenerative medicine, cancer therapies, and personalised medicine, enhancing our understanding of human health and evolution

What is Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs)

  • ERVs are genetic remnants of ancient retroviral infections integrated into the host's genome.

  • Retroviruses, using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, convert their RNA into DNA and integrate it into the host's genome, creating a provirus.

  • When these integrations are incomplete or dysfunctional, they leave behind ERVs—genetic "fossils" that cannot replicate or produce functional proteins.

  • ERVs are inherited if they integrate into germ cells (sperm or ova), passing them to offspring.

  • ERVs are linked to various health conditions, including their potential use as biomarkers for diseases like preeclampsia and their involvement in cancer processes.

  • ERVs usually can’t replicate and produce functional proteins since they lack their regulatory regions

What is reverse transcriptase

  • Reverse transcriptase (RT), also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA

  • This enzyme is able to synthesize a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA

  • Discovered in 1971

ERVs and Human Evolution

  • ERVs make up about 8% of the human genome, serving as genetic remnants from ancient viral infections.

  • ERVs have significantly influenced mammalian evolution, notably through genes like syncytins that are crucial for placenta development.

  • ERVs, such as MERVL-gag, play a role in cell differentiation during embryonic development.


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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) UPSC NOTE
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) UPSC NOTE
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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam
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