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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) UPSC NOTE

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  What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)  The average number of children a woman would have at the end of their reproductive period It is expres...

 What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 

  • The average number of children a woman would have at the end of their reproductive period

  • It is expressed as children per woman.

  • Total fertility rate is directly calculated as the sum of age-specific fertility rates (usually referring to women aged 15 to 49 years), or five times the sum if data are given in five-year age groups

  • TFR in India has witnessed a significant decline, dropping from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.0 in 2020, and it is now lower than 2.1, the replacement level

  • TFR, has further declined from 2.2 to 2.0 at the national level between National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 4 and 5. 

  • There are only five States in India that are above the replacement level of fertility which is 2.1. 

  • These are Bihar (3.0), Meghalaya (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.4), Jharkhand (2.3), and Manipur (2.2), according to NFHS-5, released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Growing challenge of dementia in India 

  • The steady decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has led to an increase in the proportion of older adults. 

  • As of 2019, India is home to over 139 million people aged 60 and above, accounting for more than 10% of the population

  • The country is confronting a growing challenge to manage neurodegenerative disorders

  • The demographic shift exacerbates several risk factors for dementia including hypertension, obesity, smoking, depression, social isolation, and physical inactivity

Increasing risk factors

  • The prevalence of obesity has increased in most States in NFHS-5. 

  • At the national level, it increased from 21% to 24% among women and 19% to 23% among men.

  • The number of individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia will increase substantially in India. 

  • A research study conducted in India discovered that older individuals with disabilities were more prone to living alone, exacerbating their sense of social isolation and deprivation

Need reform

  • Lancet Commission’s 2020 report on dementia prevention, intervention, and care & NFHS 2020, highlights the urgent need for policy reforms and targeted interventions to tackle the growing dementia crisis in India

  • Public health initiatives aimed at promoting healthier lifestyles, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation, can reduce the prevalence of these risk factors and curb the rise of Alzheimer’s disease

  • India must take a proactive approach to addressing risk factors

  • Firstly there is air pollution, which can lead to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, contributing to cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia

  • Secondly, addressing hypertension and obesity is critical

  • Thirdly, the state must implement public safety measures and regulations to reduce the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on road safety, occupational safety, and sports safety

  • The government must establish specialised dementia care facilities and train healthcare professionals in geriatric care, with a focus on early detection, intervention, and management

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Learnerz IAS | Concept oriented UPSC Classes in Malayalam: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) UPSC NOTE
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) UPSC NOTE
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