What is quantum physics?
Quantum physics is the study of matter and energy at the most fundamental level.
It aims to uncover the properties and behaviors of the very building blocks of nature.
Quantum physics tells us that electrons are not particles. Instead, electrons are treated as waves.
Like all waves, an electron has a wavelength – the distance after which the wavy pattern repeats.
The shorter an electron’s wavelength, the more energy it holds.
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What is quantum physics?
So a wave that changes smoothly has less energy than a wave that is more corrugated.
Applications
Quantum Computers
Atomic Clocks
Chip-Scale Optical Frequency Combs
Atomic Cooling
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Sedition
Law commission’s recommendations on sedition
Retaining Section 124A:
In its 279th Report, the Law Commission of India has recommended the retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code which contains the Law of Sedition.
It emphasizes that the colonial origins of a law do not automatically warrant its repeal.
The report suggests that the Indian legal system as a whole carries colonial influences.
Punishment:
It has also recommended enhanced punishment for this offence in the name of national security.
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Law commission’s recommendations on sedition
Punishment:
While Section 124A provides for a minimum imprisonment of three years, the commission recommends a minimum of seven.
Amendments and Safeguards:
The Commission recommends adding a procedural safeguard to Section 124A, requiring a preliminary inquiry by a police officer of Inspector rank before registering an FIR for sedition.
Permission from the Central or State Government would be necessary based on the officer's report.
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Law commission’s recommendations on sedition
Amendments and Safeguards:
It proposes incorporating a provision similar to Section 196 (3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, as a proviso to Section 154 of the same code for procedural safeguards against the use of Section 124A.
The Commission suggests amending Section 124A to specify that it penalizes individuals "with a tendency to incite violence or cause public disorder."
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Famous cases
Queen Empress vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1897:
Bombay Court found Bal Gangadhar Tilak guilty of sedition for writing a couple of articles in Kesari, a Marathi weekly, invoking Shivaji, which was interpreted as exciting disaffection towards the British government.
Kedarnath vs State of Bihar, 1962:
Kedarnath decided the constitutionality of sedition.
The Court held that it is constitutionally valid for two reasons.
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Famous cases
Kedarnath vs State of Bihar, 1962:
One, sedition, though an offence against the government, is against the state because
The government is a visible symbol of state and
The existence of the state will be in jeopardy if the government is subverted.
Second, Article 19(2) imposes restrictions in the interest of the security of the state which has wider amplitude and which includes the law on sedition.
COMMENTS