What are non-communicable diseases?
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
The main types of NCD are
Cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke).
Cancers
Chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma).
Diabetes
NCDs disproportionately affect people in low- and middle-income countries, where more than three quarters of global NCD deaths (31.4 million) occur.
Children, adults and the elderly are all vulnerable to the risk factors contributing to NCDs, whether from unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the harmful use of alcohol.
These diseases are driven by forces that include rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization of unhealthy lifestyles and population ageing.
Unhealthy diets and a lack of physical activity may show up in people as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity.
These are called metabolic risk factors and can lead to cardiovascular disease, the leading NCD in terms of premature deaths.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.
Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream.
When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.
Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body’s cells for use as energy.
With diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it as well as it should.
Non-Communicable Diseases
Diabetes
When there isn’t enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream.
Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
Types of Diabetes:
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant).
Types of Diabetes:
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake).
This reaction stops your body from making insulin.
Approximately 5-10% of the people who have diabetes have type 1.
It’s usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults.
Currently, no one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes.
Types of Diabetes:
Type 2 Diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels.
About 90-95% of people with diabetes have type 2.
It develops over many years and is usually diagnosed in adults (but more and more in children, teens, and young adults).
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as: Losing weight, Eating healthy food, Being active.
Types of Diabetes:
Gestational Diabetes
Blood Pressure (BP)
Blood pressure is the measurement of the pressure or force of blood inside your arteries.
Each time your heart beats, it pumps blood into arteries that carry blood throughout your body.
This happens 60 to 100 times a minute, 24 hours a day.
Arteries deliver oxygen and nutrients to your whole body so it can function.
High blood pressure:
High blood pressure — the “silent killer” — usually has no symptoms.
It can damage your heart, kidneys and brain before you know anything is wrong.
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Without treatment, high blood pressure can cause:
Transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Stroke.
Heart attack.
Enlarged heart, Heart failure.
Peripheral artery disease.
Aneurysms.
Kidney disease.
Broken blood vessels in your eyes.
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertriglyceridemia is defined as serum triglyceride concentrations of 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or higher in the blood.
High levels of triglycerides can be one of the signs of metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of having a heart attack or stroke.
Extremely high levels (1,000 mg/dL or more) of triglycerides can lead to acute pancreatitis.
Burden of this diseases in certain states
The results of an Indian Council of Medical Research–India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study published recently in The Lancet show concerning levels of diabetes, hypertension, abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in India.
Much high levels of disease prevalence were observed across the rural and urban regions of many States.
Uttar Pradesh
Diabetes was relatively low in rural area (0-4.9%),
Relatively high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (≥25%) and abdominal obesity (≥25%).
Gujarat, diabetes prevalence was relatively low (5-7.4%) whereas hypertension prevalence was relatively high (≥30%).
Kerala, West Bengal, Sikkim and Goa, - In these States, there was relatively high prevalence of diabetes (>10%), hypertension (≥30%), abdominal obesity (≥25%) and hypertriglyceridemia (≥20%).
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